સ્થિતપ્રજ્ઞના લક્ષણો

 સ્થિતપ્રજ્ઞના લક્ષણો

ભગવદ ગીતા માં "સ્થિતપ્રજ્ઞ" નો અર્થ છે જેનું મન સંપૂર્ણ રીતે સ્થિર, શાંત અને જ્ઞાનમાં એકરૂપ છે. આ શબ્દનો ઉપયોગ ભગવાન શ્રીકૃષ્ણે અર્જુનને કર્યો છે જ્યારે તેમણે "યોગી કેવો હોવો જોઈએ?" એવો પ્રશ્ન કર્યો છે.

સ્થિતપ્રજ્ઞ પુરુષની વિશેષતાઓ:

1. વાસનાઓ પર વિજય – જેને ઇન્દ્રિયો અને મન પર સંપૂર્ણ કાબુ હોય, જેને વિષયોમાં આકર્ષણ કે વેરભાવ ન હોય.

2. સુખ-દુઃખમાં સમતા – સુખ આવે કે દુઃખ, પ્રશંસા મળે કે અપમાન – દરેક સ્થિતિમાં જે સમાન મનથી રહે છે.

3. ક્રોધ અને લાલસા વિનાનું મન – જેને કામ, ક્રોધ, લોભ જેવી માનસિક વિકૃતિઓ અસર કરતી નથી.

4. આત્મનિષ્ઠતા – જેને પોતાનું સુખ કે શાંતિ બહારની વસ્તુઓમાં નહિ પણ પોતાના આત્મામાં મળે છે.

5. અડગ જ્ઞાન – જેને જ્ઞાનમાં સ્થિરતા પ્રાપ્ત થઈ છે અને જીવનના ઊંચા સત્યને સમજી લીધું છે.

સરળ ભાષામાં સમજાવીએ તો:

સ્થિતપ્રજ્ઞ એવો વ્યક્તિ છે, જે દુનિયાના ઊંચ-નીચ, સુખ-દુઃખ, લાભ-હાનિ, જન્મ-મરણ જેવી પરિસ્થિતિઓથી અશાંત થતો નથી. તેનું મન હંમેશા શાંત રહે છે અને તે આત્મજ્ઞાનમાં સ્થિર રહે છે.

જીવનમાં પ્રયોગ:

જો કોઈ વ્યક્તિની ટીકા થાય તો તે દુઃખી ન થાય અને જો પ્રશંસા થાય તો ગર્વિત ન થાય – આ સ્થિતપ્રજ્ઞતાની નિશાની છે. જીવનમાં સમસ્યાઓ આવે ત્યારે ઘબરાશો નહીં અને સુખ મળે ત્યારે મસ્ત ન થાઓ, પરંતુ સમતાથી સ્વીકારો – આ જ સ્થિતપ્રજ્ઞ જીવન છે.

અંતમાં કહી શકાય કે સ્થિતપ્રજ્ઞ એ એવો યોગી છે જે પરિસ્થિતિઓના વાદળોમાં પણ પોતાના આત્મસૂર્યને અડગ પ્રકાશિત રાખે છે.

 

સ્થિતપ્રજ્ઞ પુરુષના લક્ષણો ભગવદ ગીતા ના અધ્યાય 2 (સાંખ્ય યોગ), શ્લોક 55–72 માં આવે છે.

શ્લોક 2.55

प्रजहाति यदा कामान् सर्वान् पार्थ मनोगतान् ।

आत्मन्येवात्मना तुष्टः स्थितप्रज्ञस्तदोच्यते ॥

અર્થ:

ભગવાને કહ્યું – હે અર્જુન, જ્યારે મનમાં ઊપજતા બધા કામનાઓનો ત્યાગ કરીને મનુષ્ય માત્ર આત્મામાં જ સંતોષ અનુભવતો બને છે, ત્યારે તેને સ્થિતપ્રજ્ઞ કહેવાય છે.

શ્લોક 2.56

दुःखेष्वनुद्विग्नमना: सुखेषु विगतस्पृहः ।

वीतरागभयक्रोधः स्थितधीर्मुनिरुच्यते ॥

અર્થ:

જે વ્યક્તિ દુઃખમાં વ્યાકુળ થતો નથી, સુખમાં આસક્ત થતો નથી, અને જેના રાગ, ભય અને ક્રોધ નષ્ટ થઈ ગયા છે – તે સ્થિરબુદ્ધિ (સ્થિતપ્રજ્ઞ) મુનિ કહેવાય છે.

શ્લોક 2.57

यः सर्वत्रानभिस्नेहस्तत्तत्प्राप्य शुभाशुभम् ।

नाभिनन्दति न द्वेष्टि तस्य प्रज्ञा प्रतिष्ठिता ॥

અર્થ:

જે વ્યક્તિને ક્યાંય મોહ નથી, અને જેને શુભ કે અશુભ કંઈ પ્રાપ્ત થાય તો તે આનંદિત થતો નથી કે દ્વેષ રાખતો નથી – તેની પ્રજ્ઞા સ્થિર કહેવાય છે.

શ્લોક 2.70

आपूर्यमाणमचलप्रतिष्ठं समुद्रमापः प्रविशन्ति यद्वत् ।

तद्वत्कामा यं प्रविशन्ति सर्वे स शान्तिमाप्नोति न कामकामी ॥

અર્થ:

જેમ સતત વહેતી નદીઓ પૂરા ભરેલો સમુદ્રમાં પ્રવેશે છે, એમ જ બધી કામનાઓ જેમાં સમાય જાય છે તે મનુષ્ય શાંતિને પ્રાપ્ત કરે છે; ઈચ્છાઓ પાછળ દોડનારો કદી શાંતિ પ્રાપ્ત કરી શકતો નથી.

આ શ્લોકો પરથી સ્પષ્ટ થાય છે કે સ્થિતપ્રજ્ઞ પુરુષ એ એવો છે, જેનું મન સુખ-દુઃખ, રાગ-દ્વેષ અને ઇચ્છાઓથી અસ્પર્શિત રહી આત્મજ્ઞાનમાં સ્થિર રહે છે.

ZOOCRITICISM: Definition and Explanation

ZOOCRITICISM

·  Hello everyone! Today, we are going to talk about Zoocriticism and we will discuss about the role of literature in creating awareness about the rights of animals.

·  If we talk about human rights, women’s rights, don’t you think we must also talk about animal rights?

·   This is precisely what Zoocriticism is all about.

·   First of all let’s see what Zoocriticism is.

·      Zoocriticism is the study of how animals are represented in literature, art, and culture. It looks at how humans write about animals, how humans think about animals, and how they treat animals.

·      Actually, Zoocriticism is a part of ecocriticism, which studies the relationship between literature and the environment.

·      Humans and animals are sharing equal parts in environment. Then why should we keep the discussion of aniomals apart? We must discuss and discuss seriously about the animals in our art and in our literature.

 

·      Zoocriticism asks important questions like:

·        How are animals portrayed in our stories, novels and poems?

·        Are they shown as real, living beings or just as symbols?

·        Do these writings influence how we treat animals in real life?

·        Does our literature talk about the rights of animals on this planet?

Animal Representation in Literature

·        Writers have always used animals in different ways. Sometimes, animals are given human qualities, like in George Orwell’s Animal Farm, where pigs represent political leaders. Other times, animals are shown as part of nature, like in Jack London’s White Fang, which explores the life of a wild wolf-dog.

·        But Zoocriticism is not just about how animals appear in stories. It must also connect to animal rights.

·        Literature and Animal Rights

·        Some books and poems make us think about how we treat animals in real life. For example:

·        Anna Sewell’s Black Beauty (1877) tells the story of a horse and how humans treat it—good and bad. This novel helped people understand that animals have feelings and they deserve kindness.

·        J.M. Coetzee’s The Lives of Animals (1999) raises deep moral questions about eating animals and using them for experiments.

·         ·        These works don’t just describe animals; they make us think about their rights and our responsibilities.

·        Why is this Important?

·        Literary criticism, or the way we analyze books, is not just about what is written but also about why it matters. When we study animal representation, we are also questioning whether animals are treated fairly in our society. Should they be used for entertainment? Should they have legal rights? Literature helps us reflect on these issues.

Conclusion

·        Zoocriticism believes that literature should not be about  only storytelling but also about ethics and justice to animals.

·        True literature must focus on creating awareness about the rights of animals and it must awaken emotional awareness about the co-existence of humans and animals together on this planet earth.

·        Thank you for watching! If you have any thoughts on this topic, feel free to share them in the comments. See you next time!

 

Writers and their Pen Names

 

Author’s Pen Name/ Pseudonym	Author’s Real Name
Richard Bachman	Stephen King
L. Frank Baum	Edith Van Dyne
Nicholas Blake	Cecil Day Lewis
Anne Brontë	Acton Bell
Charlotte Brontë	Currer Bell
Emily Brontë	Ellis Bell
Anthony Burgess	John ['Jack'] Burgess Wilson
John le Carre	David John Moore Cornwell
Lewis Carroll	Charles Lutwidge Dodgson
George Eliot	Mary Ann Evans
Hergé	Georges Remi
Molière	Jean Baptiste Poquelin
George Orwell	Eric Arthur Blair
Ellery Queen	Frederic Dannay (with co‐author/cousin)
	Manfred B. Lee
J.D. Robb	Nora Roberts
A. N. Roquelaure	Anne Rice
Saki	Hector Hugh Munro
George Sand	Amandine Dupin
Dr. Seuss	Theodor Geisel
Lemony Snicket	Daniel Handler
Stendhal	Marie Henri Beyle
Mark Twain	Samuel Langhorn Clemens
Barbara Vine	Ruth Rendell
Voltaire	François‐Marie Arouet
Mary Westmacott	Dame Agatha Christie

 

WORD ORDER IN ENGLISH

WORD ORDER IN ENGLISH

Explained by Dr. Vipul V. Kapoor, Associate Professor

Word order refers to the way words are arranged in a sentence. The standard word order in English is:

Subject + Verb + Object

To determine the proper sequence of words, we need to understand what the subject, verb and object(s) are.

·      Subject: typically a noun or pronoun—the person, place or thing

·      Verb: the action or state of being

·      Object: the word or group of words influenced by the verb

John (subject) plays (verb) football (object).

The sequence of words is important while communicating in English because it can impact the meaning of what we are trying to say. Look at the following examples:

·      The teacher (subject) teaches (verb) the student. (object) - CORRECT

·      The student (subject) teaches (verb) the teacher. (object) - INCORRECT

·      The cat (subject) catches (verb) the mouse. (object) - CORRECT

·      The mouse (subject) catches (verb) the cat. (object) – INCORRECT

 

ORDER OF PARTS OF SPEECH:

In English there are eight parts of speech as under.

OPEN CLASS	CLOSED CLASS
Noun	Preposition
Verb	Conjunction
Adjective	Determiner
Adverb	Interjection

 

All these parts of speech have specific places in the sentences. If we change their order or place in the sentences, either the meaning changes or the sentence becomes meaningless. Hence, it is very important to understand the proper order of these parts of speech.

 

 

 

WORD ORDER – NOUN:

Definition: Noun is a word which indicates a person, place, thing or idea. For example, milkman, garden, table, happiness etc.

Where to Use?

Nouns can be used either as the subject or as the object.

The milkman delivers the milk.

 

WORD ORDER – VERB:

Definition: Verb is a word which indicates some action or state of being. For example, go, come, speak, play etc.

Where to use?

Verbs are used just after the subject in a declarative sentence.

I am watching a video.

 

WORD ORDER – ADJECTIVE:

Definition: Adjective is a word which modifies the meaning of the noun. For example, beautiful lady, blue shirt, long distance etc.

Where to use?

Adjectives are used before the noun.

We saw a beautiful rainbow.

 

WORD ORDER – ADVERB:

Definition: Adverb is a word which modifies the meaning of the verb. For example, slowly, yesterday, often, boldly etc.

Where to Use?

Adverbs are placed at three places in a sentence.
1.     At the front of the sentence, before the subject:

Suddenly, the child ran towards the gate.

Yesterday, he met me at my home.

2.     At the end of a sentence, after the object
         Thechildren will join the school tomorrow.

Sheela invited her friends too.

3.     In the middle of a sentence (before or after the verb) or in the middle of a group of verbs

• Before the verb:

He often studies before class.
John rarely visits his uncle.

• After the verb:
  Sarah works quietly at her desk.
  Marco looks fondly at me.
  
  
• In the middle of a group of verbs:
  The students quickly submitted their assignments.
  Rosie has nearly finished her homework.

 

WORD ORDER – PREPOSITION:

Definition: The words which convey more information about the nouns in terms of place, time, locationect are called the prepositions. For example, in, on, at, from, to, under etc.

Where to use?

Prepositions are used before the nouns or before the determiners.

Jack travels by car. (before the noun)

John lives in the USA. (before the determiner)

 

WORD ORDER – CONJUNCTION:

Definition: The word which joins two different words or clauses in a sentence is called a conjunction. For example, and, or, but etc.

Where to use?

Conjunctions are used between two nouns, two pronouns or two clauses.

MeeraandSita are good friends.

Peter watches either news or movies.

The manager said that he was busy then.

 

WORD ORDER – DETERMINER:

Definition:The word which determines the noun is called a determiner. For example, a, an, the, this, that, these, those, any, some etc.

Where to use?

Determiners are used before the nouns or adjectives.

This car is new.

Do you have any electronic device?

Jack has a meeting in the evening.

 

WORD ORDER – INTERJECTION:

Definition: The words which express our emotions are called interjections. They are generally used in informal language. For example, oh, alas, wow, hurray etc.

Where to use?

Interjections are generally used in the beginning of the sentence. They are followed by exclamation marks. (!)

         Oh! It was a wonderful scene!

         Hurray! We won the match.